Back لغات باكستان Arabic Llengües del Pakistan Catalan زبانهای پاکستان Persian Langues au Pakistan French पाकिस्तान की भाषाएँ Hindi Bahasa di Pakistan ID Fiteny any Pakistàna Malagasy पाकिस्तानमा बोलिने भाषाहरू Nepali ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ ਦੀਆਂ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ Punjabi پاکستان دیاں بولیاں PNB
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Pakistan is a multilingual country with over 70 languages spoken as first languages.[3][4] The majority of Pakistan's languages belong to the Indo-Iranian group of the Indo-European language family.[5][6]
Urdu is the national language and the lingua franca of Pakistan, and while sharing official status with English, it is the preferred and dominant language used for inter-communication between different ethnic groups.[3][4] Numerous regional languages are spoken as first languages by Pakistan's various ethnolinguistic groups. Languages with more than a million speakers each include Punjabi, Pashto, Sindhi, Saraiki, Urdu, Balochi, Hindko, Pahari-Pothwari[b] and Brahui.[7] There are approximately 60 local languages with fewer than a million speakers.[8][9]
- ^ "Article: 251 National language". Retrieved 23 July 2018.
- ^ Singh, Shashank, and Shailendra Singh. "Systematic review of spell-checkers for highly inflectional languages." Artificial Intelligence Review 53.6 (2020): 4051-4092.
- ^ a b Ashraf, Hina (22 March 2022). "The ambivalent role of Urdu and English in multilingual Pakistan: a Bourdieusian study". Language Policy. 22 (1): 25–48. doi:10.1007/s10993-022-09623-6. ISSN 1573-1863. PMC 8939399. PMID 35340722.
- ^ a b Ashraf, Muhammad Azeem; Turner, David A.; Laar, Rizwan Ahmed (January 2021). "Multilingual Language Practices in Education in Pakistan: The Conflict Between Policy and Practice". SAGE Open. 11 (1): 215824402110041. doi:10.1177/21582440211004140. ISSN 2158-2440. S2CID 232484396.
- ^ Rengel, Marian (15 December 2003). Pakistan: A Primary Source Cultural Guide. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-8239-4001-1.
- ^ Kachru, Braj B.; Kachru, Yamuna; Sridhar, S. N. (27 March 2008). Language in South Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-139-46550-2.
- ^ "POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE, SEX AND RURAL/ URBAN" (PDF). www.pbs.gov.pk. Pakistan Bureau of Statistics.
- ^ Eberhard, Simons & Fennig 2022.
- ^ "Endangered Languages Project - Torwali - Challenges to the linguistic diversity of North Pakistan". www.endangeredlanguages.com. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
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